Can I Use Isopropyl Alcohol On My Cat To Clean Ringworm

Simplest secondary alcohol

Isopropyl alcohol

Names
Preferred IUPAC name Propan-2-ol[two]
Other names 2-Propanol Isopropanol[1] Rubbing booze sec-Propyl alcohol 2-Hydroxypropane i-PrOH Dimethyl carbinol IPA
Identifiers
CAS Number	67-63-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive paradigm
Beilstein Reference	635639
ChEBI	CHEBI:17824 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL582 Y
ChemSpider	3644 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.601
Gmelin Reference	1464
KEGG	D00137 Y
PubChem CID	3776
RTECS number	NT8050000
UNII	ND2M416302 Y
UN number	1219
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7020762
InChI InChI=1S/C3H7OH/c1-3(2)4/h3-4H,one-2H3 Y Key: KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES CC(O)C
Properties
Chemical formula	C 3 H eight O
Molar mass	sixty.096 g/mol
Advent	Colorless liquid
Odor	Pungent alcoholic odor
Density	0.786thou/cm3 (20°C)
Melting point	−89 °C (−128 °F; 184 K)
Boiling point	82.6 °C (180.7 °F; 355.8 K)
Solubility in h2o	Miscible with h2o
Solubility	Miscible with benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ether, glycerin; soluble in acetone
log P	−0.16[3]
Acidity (pM a)	16.5[iv]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−45.794·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (n D)	1.3776
Viscosity	ii.86cP at 15°C 1.96cP at 25°C[5] 1.77 cP at 30 °C[5]
Dipole moment	1.66D (gas)
Pharmacology
ATC code	D08AX05 (WHO)
Hazards
Occupational safe and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Flammable
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal discussion	Danger
Risk statements	H225, H319, H336
Precautionary statements	P210, P261, P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (burn down diamond)	ane iii 0
Wink point	Open cup: eleven.7 °C (53.1 °F; 284.viii K) Closed loving cup: 13 °C (55 °F)
Autoignition temperature	399 °C (750 °F; 672 K)
Explosive limits	2–12.seven%
Threshold limit value (TLV)	980mg/g3 (TWA), 1225mg/mthree (STEL)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	12800mg/kg (dermal, rabbit)[ citation needed ] 3600mg/kg (oral, mouse) 5045mg/kg (oral, rat) 6410mg/kg (oral, rabbit)[7]
LC50 (median concentration)	53,000mg/m3 (inhalation, mouse)[ citation needed ] 12,000ppm (rat, 8h)[vii]
LCLo (everyman published)	16,000ppm (rat, 4h) 12,800ppm (mouse, 3h)[vii]
NIOSH (Usa health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 400ppm (980mg/m3)[6]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 400ppm (980mg/kthree), ST 500ppm (1225 mg/yardthree)[6]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	2000ppm[6]
Rubber information sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Related compounds
Related alcohols	1-Propanol, ethanol, ii-butanol
Supplementary data page
Isopropyl alcohol (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard country (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yverify (what is Y Due north  ?)
Infobox references

Chemical chemical compound

Isopropyl booze (IUPAC name propan-ii-ol and too called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula CH
_three CHOHCH
₃ ) with a strong odor.^[viii] Equally an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary booze, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to 2 other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of i-propanol and ethyl methyl ether.

It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in chemicals such as antiseptics, disinfectants, and detergents.

Properties [edit]

Isopropyl booze is miscible in water, ethanol, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins.^[nine] Different ethanol or methanol, isopropyl booze is non miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a common salt such every bit sodium chloride. The procedure is colloquially called salting out, and causes full-bodied isopropyl alcohol to split up into a distinct layer.^[10]

Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of lxxx.37 °C (176.67 °F) and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. Alcohol mixtures accept depressed melting points.^[10] It has a slightly bitter gustatory modality, and is non safe to drinkable.^{[10] [11]}

Isopropyl alcohol becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at −89 °C (−128 °F).

Isopropyl alcohol has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an Ultraviolet-visible spectrum.^{[12] [13]}

Reactions [edit]

Isopropyl booze can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper goad:

(CH
_three )
_two CHOH → (CH
₃ )
_ii CO + H₂

Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol may exist converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acrid.

Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with agile metals such as potassium to grade alkoxides that can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated past a trace of mercury) is used to set up the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.^[14]

History [edit]

In 1920, Standard Oil outset produced isopropyl booze by hydrating propene. Isopropyl booze was oxidized to acetone for the grooming of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant.^[15]

Production [edit]

In 1994, ane.five one thousand thousand tonnes of isopropyl booze were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.^[16] Information technology is primarily produced by combining h2o and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone.^{[sixteen] [17]} There are 2 routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol exist separated from h2o and other past-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol and water class an azeotrope, and simple distillation gives a material that is 87.9% by mass isopropyl booze and 12.1% by mass water.^[eighteen] Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.^[16]

Biological [edit]

Modest amounts of isopropyl booze are produced in the torso in diabetic ketoacidosis.^[19]

Indirect hydration [edit]

Indirect hydration reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a mixture of sulfate esters. This process can use low-quality propene, and is predominant in the USA. These processes give primarily isopropyl alcohol rather than 1-propanol, because calculation water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikov's dominion. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters past steam produces isopropyl alcohol, by distillation. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-production of this procedure; it is recycled back to the process and hydrolyzed to requite the desired product.^[sixteen]

CH₃CH=CH_two + H_iiO H₂Then₄ ⟶ (CH₃)₂CHOH

Direct hydration [edit]

Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at loftier pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. This blazon of process commonly requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%).^[16] Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe.

Hydrogenation of acetone [edit]

Isopropyl alcohol can be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone; however, this arroyo involves an extra step compared to the above methods, equally acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process.^[xvi] IPA cost is primarily driven by raw material (acetone or propylene) toll. A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials.

Uses [edit]

In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl booze were used in the United states of america, generally as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that twelvemonth, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications,^[sixteen] due to its low toxicity. Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl booze may be converted to acetone, but the cumene procedure is more than significant.^[16]

Solvent [edit]

Isopropyl booze dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It evaporates quickly and the typically available grades tend to not leave behind oil traces when used every bit a cleaning fluid unlike some other common solvents. It is also relatively not-toxic. Thus, it is used widely equally a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for situations where there can be oils or other oil based residues which would not be easily cleaned with water, conveniently evaporating and (depending on water content, and other potential factors) posing less of a risk of corrosion or rusting than apparently water. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of booze solvents.

Isopropyl alcohol is normally used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages.

Intermediate [edit]

Isopropyl alcohol is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, a herbicide and an ore flotation reagent.^[twenty] Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent.^[xvi] This chemical compound may serve every bit a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation.

Medical [edit]

Rubbing booze, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a threescore–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol in h2o. Water is required to open up up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for isopropyl alcohol. A 75% five/5 solution in water may be used as a manus sanitizer.^[21] Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, improve known as swimmer'south ear.^[22]

Early uses as an anesthetic [edit]

Although isopropyl alcohol can exist used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this utilize. Isopropyl alcohol can also be used similarly to ether every bit a solvent^[23] or as an coldhearted by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for pocket-size mammals^[24] and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. Nevertheless, information technology was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed.

Automotive [edit]

Isopropyl booze is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel additives. In pregnant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, every bit information technology separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove h2o from gasoline, merely the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does non pose the aforementioned risk as insoluble h2o, as information technology no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is dissolved within the fuel itself. Isopropyl alcohol is oftentimes sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Isopropyl alcohol is too used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, then that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3, DOT 4, or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid.

Laboratory [edit]

As a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively not-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of lxx–99% are used to preserve specimens.

Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds information technology to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol.

Safety [edit]

Isopropyl booze vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of betwixt 2 and 12.7% in air. Information technology should be kept away from heat and open up flame.^[25] Distillation of isopropyl alcohol over magnesium has been reported to class peroxides, which may explode upon concentration.^{[26] [27]} Isopropyl alcohol causes centre irritation^[25] and is a potential allergen.^{[28] [29]} Wearing protective gloves is recommended.

Toxicology [edit]

Isopropyl booze, via its metabolites, is somewhat more toxic than ethanol, but considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol or methanol. Death from ingestion or absorption of fifty-fifty relatively large quantities is rare. Both isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants.^[30] Poisoning tin can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or pare assimilation. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma.^[30] Overdoses may crusade a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone.^[31] Isopropyl booze does not crusade an anion gap acidosis, but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as practise the other alcohols.^[30]

Isopropyl booze is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver^[30] and has a biological one-half-life in humans betwixt 2.5 and 8.0 hours.^[30] Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and handling is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the utilize of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected.^[32]

In forensic pathology, people who accept died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis normally have claret concentrations of isopropyl alcohol of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal isopropyl alcohol ingestion ordinarily have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.^[xix]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Alcohols Rule C-201.ane". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (The IUPAC 'Blue Book'), Sections A, B, C, D, East, F, and H. Oxford: Pergamon Printing. 1979. Designations such as isopropanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol are incorrect considering there are no hydrocarbons isopropane, sec-butane, and tert-butane to which the suffix "-ol" can be added; such names should be abased. Isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are, however, permissible (see Rule C-201.3) because the radicals isopropyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl do exist.
2. ^ Classification of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2022 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2022. p. 631. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN978-0-85404-182-4.
3. ^ "Isopropanol_msds". chemsrc.com.
4. ^ Reeve, West.; Erikson, C. M.; Aluotto, P. F. (1979). "A new method for the determination of the relative acidities of alcohols in alcoholic solutions. The nucleophilicities and competitive reactivities of alkoxides and phenoxides". Can. J. Chem. 57 (twenty): 2747–2754. doi:10.1139/v79-444.
5. ^ ^{a b} Yaws, C.L. (1999). Chemic Properties Handbook. McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-0-07-073401-2.
6. ^ ^{a b c} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemic Hazards. "#0359". National Plant for Occupational Prophylactic and Health (NIOSH).
7. ^ ^{a b c} "Isopropyl booze". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Wellness Concentrations (IDLH). National Plant for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
8. ^ "Isopropanol". PubChem . Retrieved Feb x, 2022.
9. ^ Doolittle, Arthur K. (1954). The Technology of Solvents and Plasticizers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 628.
10. ^ ^{a b c} The Merck Index (10th ed.). Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co. 1983. p. 749. ISBN9780911910278.
11. ^ Loke, Richard A. (1999). "Propyl Alcohols". In Jacqueline I. (ed.). Kirk- Curtailed of Chemic Engineering science (quaternary ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1654–1656. ISBN978-0471419617.
12. ^ "Isopropyl Booze, , Suitable for Liquid Chromatography, Extract/, UV-Spectrophotometry". VWR International. Retrieved 25 Baronial 2022.
13. ^ "UV Cutoff" (PDF). Academy of Toronto. Retrieved 25 Baronial 2022.
14. ^ Young, W.; Hartung, W.; Crossley, F. (1936). "Reduction of Aldehydes with Aluminum Isopropoxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 58: 100–102. doi:10.1021/ja01292a033.
15. ^ Wittcoff, G. 1000.; Green, H. A. (2003). Organic chemical science principles and industrial practice (1. ed., 1. reprint. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 4. ISBN978-3-527-30289-5.
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f one thousand h i} Papa, A. J. "Propanols". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical science. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_173.
17. ^ Logsdon, John E.; Loke, Richard A. (Dec 4, 2000). "Isopropyl Alcohol". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemic Applied science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:x.1002/0471238961.0919151612150719.a01. ISBN978-0471238966.
18. ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pp. 2143–2184.
19. ^ ^{a b} Petersen, Thomas H.; Williams, Timothy; Nuwayhid, Naziha; Harruff, Richard (2012). "Postmortem Detection of Isopropanol in Ketoacidosis". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 57 (three): 674–678. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02045.x. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 22268588. S2CID 21101240.
20. ^ "Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate, SIPX, Xanthate". 3DChem.com. Retrieved 2012-06-17 .
21. ^ "Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations" (PDF). Globe Health Organization. August 2009.
22. ^ Otitis Externa (Swimmers Ear). Medical College of Wisconsin.
23. ^ Burlage, Henry G.; Welch, H.; Price, C. Westward. (2006). "Pharmaceutical applications of isopropyl alcohol Two. Solubilities of local anesthetics". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Clan. 36 (1): 17–nineteen. doi:10.1002/jps.3030360105. PMID 20285822.
24. ^ Society for Experimental Biological science and Medicine (1922). Proceedings of the Gild for Experimental Biological science and Medicine, Volume 19. p. 85.
25. ^ ^{a b} "Isopropanol". Sigma-Aldrich. 19 Jan 2022. Retrieved vi July 2022.
26. ^ Mirafzal, Gholam A.; Baumgarten, Henry E. (1988). "Control of peroxidizable compounds: An addendum". Periodical of Chemical Instruction. 65 (ix): A226. Bibcode:1988JChEd..65A.226M. doi:10.1021/ed065pA226.
27. ^ "Chemical safety: peroxide germination in 2-propanol". Chemical & Engineering News. 94 (31): 2. August i, 2022.
28. ^ García-Gavín, Juan; Lissens, Ruth; Timmermans, Ann; Goossens, An (2011-06-17). "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isopropyl alcohol: a missed allergen?". Contact Dermatitis. 65 (2): 101–106. doi:x.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01936.x. ISSN 0105-1873. PMID 21679194. S2CID 42577253.
29. ^ McInnes, A. (1973-02-ten). "Skin reaction to isopropyl alcohol". British Medical Journal. 1 (5849): 357. doi:ten.1136/bmj.1.5849.357-c. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC1588210. PMID 4265463.
30. ^ ^{a b c d e} Slaughter R. J., Mason R. Due west., Beasley D. Yard., Vale J. A., Schep 50. J. (2014). "Isopropanol poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (five): 470–8. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.914527. PMID 24815348. S2CID 30223646. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
31. ^ Kalapos, One thousand. P. (2003). "On the mammalian acetone metabolism: from chemistry to clinical implications". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Full general Subjects. 1621 (ii): 122–39. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(03)00051-five. PMID 12726989.
32. ^ "Isopropyl alcohol poisoning". uptodate.com . Retrieved 2017-10-ten .

External links [edit]

• CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropyl booze
• Environmental Wellness Criteria 103: 2-Propanol

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol

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